Articles: A, an and the are called articles. Generally these are used before a noun. These are also called 'Determiners' in Modern English Grammar.
There are two types of articles.
1. Indefinite articles: A and An are called indefinite articles. These are used to make the position of a noun Indefinite or uncertain.
Ex - He saw an old man.
There was a king.
2. Definite Article: The is called Indefinite article. It is used to make the position of a noun definite or certain.
Position of Articles:
1. A/ An/ The + Noun
Ex - I have a book.
The cow has a tail.
2. A/ An/ The/ + Adjective + Noun
Ex - She is an intelligent girl.
Tendulkar is the best player.
3. A/ An/ The/ Adverb + Adjective + Noun
Ex - She is a very intelligent girl.
He is the very best player.
4. Such/ What/ Many/ Quite/ Rather + A/ An + Adjective + Noun
Ex - Such a beautiful girl.
What a big fool!
Many a good book.
5. Such/ What/ Many/ Half/ Rather + A/ An + Noun
Ex - Such a girl.
Many an inkpot.
6. All/ both/ double/ + The/ + Noun
Ex - All the girls.
Double the amount.
7. All + Both/ Double/ Exactly/ Just + The + Adjective + Noun
Ex - All the famous singers.
Exactly the wrong colour.
8. How/ So/ Too/ As + Adjective + A/ An+ Noun
Ex - How a beautiful girl is she?
Devan Babu is too weak a man.
Uses of Articles:
Uses of A/ An:
1. A/ An is used before the noun denoting indefinite person/ animal/ thing.
2. An is used before the word which has vowel sound and A is used before the word which has consonant sound.
Ex - She is an ideal girl.
She is a beautiful girl.
Some More Uses of A/ An:
1. A/ An is used in some special phrases.
Ex - A team of, A gang of, A crowd of, An army of, An assembly of, A flock of etc.
2. A is used in the expressions denoting number or quantity.
Ex - A lot of, A great number of, A good many of, A good deal of, A great many of etc.
3. A/ An is used in the meaning of one(1).
Ex - Mukesh has a(1) dog.
Binay has an(1) apple.
4. A/ An is used in the meaning of 'Any'.
Ex - There was a(any) king of Magadh.
Veena did not give her husband an(any) apple.
5. A/ An is used in the meaning of Each/ Every or per.
Ex - Mr. Dhananjay earns Rs 10,000/- a(per) month.
Mr. Thakur walks five kilometres an(each/every) hour.
6. A is used in the meaning of 'on'.
Ex - He found her a(on) bed.
He went a(on) hunting.
7. A/ An is used in the meaning of 'All'.
Ex - A(all) dog has a short tail.
A(all) cow has along tail.
8. If a Proper noun is used as a common noun, A/ An is used before the Proper noun.
Ex - He is a Kalidas.
You are a Tendulkar.
9. A is used before Most if it means very.
Ex - He is a most(very) handsome boy.
That was a most(very) interesting story.
10. If two adjectives are joined with 'and' referring to the same person or thing and are used before a singular countable noun, then A/ An is used before the first adjective.
Ex - A black and white cow.
A tall and handsome boy.
11. If two adjectives are joined with 'and' referring to two different persons or things and are used before a singular countable noun, then A/ An is used before both the adjectives.
Ex - A black and a white cow.
An honest and an intelligent teacher.
12. To denote the same person or thing by two singular nouns joined with 'and', article A/ An is used before the first singular noun.
Ex - A clerk and cashier.
13. To denote two different persons or things by two singular nouns joined with 'and', article A/ An is used before both the singular nouns.
Ex - A clerk and a cashier.
An uncle and a guardian.
14. A/ An is used before counting expressing words or units.
Ex - I have a dozen eggs.
She has a thousand rupees.
15. A/ An is used before a singular countable noun to denote class/cast.
Ex - A cow is a domestic animal.
An ox is a useful animal.
16. A/ An is used before singular countable noun.
Ex - I am a teacher.
You are a student.
17. If an uncountable noun is used as a countable noun, then article A/ An is used before it.
Ex - She threw a stone at me.
He caught a fish.
18. A is also used to make a plural noun singular.
Ex - A five-day journey, A six-man committee.
Use of The:
1. The is used before the name of series of mountains.
Ex - The Himalayas, The Alps, The Eastern Ghats etc.
2. The is used before the name of rivers.
Ex - The Ganga(Ganges), The Thames, The Kango etc.
3. It is used before the name of sea, oceans, bay/gulfs.
Ex - The Pacific ocean, The Indian ocean, The Arctic ocean etc.
4. It is used before the name of group of islands.
Ex - The Andamans, The West Indies, The Philipines etc.
5. It is used before the name of canals, aeroplanes, ships, trains.
Ex - The Suez canal, The Makalu, The Punjab Mail etc.
6. It is used before Nationality Expressing Words( नागरिकता / राष्ट्रीयता सूचक शब्दों ).
Ex - The Asians, The Chinese, The Indians etc.
7. It is used before the name of religious books.
Ex - The Gita, The Bible, The Quran etc.
8. It is used before the name of directions.
Ex - The east, The east, The downward etc.
9. It is used before the name of desert.
Ex - The Sahara desert, The Thar desert, The Gobi desert etc.
10. It is used before the name of religious community.
Ex - The Hindus, The Muslims, The Christians etc.
11. It is used before the name of physical position expressing words.
Ex - at the top of, on the top of, the inside etc.
12. It is used before the name of the unique things of the world.
Ex - The South Pole, The weather, The rain etc.
13. It is used before the name of Government branches or Armed forces.
Ex - The judiciary, The Legislature, The Navy etc.
14. It is used before the name of the Historical Empire, Caste, Place, Dynasty, Building, Event, Period/Age.
Ex - The Mughal Empire, The Eskimos, The Kaaba, The Slave dynasty, The Taj Mahal, The civil war, The Victorian age etc.
15. It is used before the name of political parties.
Ex - The Congress Party, The Janta Dal etc.
16. It is used before the name of musical instruments.
Ex - The Tabla, The Guitar, The Piano etc.
17. The + Some Adjectives is used as plural noun to denote the class of persons.
Ex - The rich, The poor, The lame etc.
18. It is used before the superlative degree.
Ex - The tallest man, The fastest train, The happiest man etc.
19. It is used before Ordinal Adjectives( first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth.... etc., next, last are called Ordinal Adjectives)
Ex - The first Prime Minister of India, The next bus, The last chapter of this book etc.
20. It is used before the name of inventions.
Ex - The T.V., The telephone, The cinema etc.
21. It is used before the comparative degree in the expression Comparative Degree + of the two + Plural countable noun.
Ex - Suman is the more handsome of the two boys.
She is the better of the two girls.
22. The + Comparative + S + V + (,) + The + Comparative + S + V + (.)
Ex - The more he gets, the more he wants.
The higher we go, the cooler we feel.
23. The is used before the first noun in the structure Noun + of + Noun.
Ex - The water of this well, The girls of this school, The people of Jharkhand etc.
24. It is used before the name of Newspapers.
Ex - The Times of India, The Observer, The Daily News etc.
25. It is used before the name of museums, libraries, hotels, restaurants, theaters, clubs, cinema halls.
Ex - The British Museum, The Maurya, The Rotary Club etc.
26. It is used before the name of some public places.
Ex - The zoo, The State Bank, The Tata Textiles etc.
27. It is used before the name of the parts of the body.
Ex - I caught him by the arm.
She was wounded in the leg.
28. It is used before the noun present in the clause or phrase.
Ex - The girl in the corner is my sister.
The house in which I live is new.
29. It is used before the title or post to denote somebody.
Ex - The Prime Minister, The Chief Minister, The Home Minister etc.
30. It is used before the common noun in the case Noun in apposition.
Ex - Tagore, the poet, was famous.
Zakir, the painter, is laborious.
31. It is used before the Plural Countable Noun and Singular Uncountable Noun used after some of, both of, all of, most of, many of, half of, A large number of, the majority of, either of, neither of, each of, none of, several of, various of etc.
Ex - All of the girls have gone there.
Half of the milk has been sold.
32. It is used before Singular Countable noun in the meaning of as(के हिसाब से / की दर से).
Ex - Diesel is sold by the litre.
Bananas are sold by the dozen.
33. It is used before the name of choirs, orchestra, pop. groups.
Ex - The Bach Choir, The Philadelphia Orchestra, The Beatles etc.
34. It is used before the name of some countries and states.
Ex - The U.K., The Yemen, The Sudan etc.
35. It is used before the date in the structure - Date + of + Month's name.
Ex - The fourteenth of November, The fifth of September etc.
36. It is used before the name of Magazine, commission, Institution.
Ex - The Modern Language Review, The High Court, The Ministry of Education etc.
Ex - The Ganga(Ganges), The Thames, The Kango etc.
3. It is used before the name of sea, oceans, bay/gulfs.
Ex - The Pacific ocean, The Indian ocean, The Arctic ocean etc.
4. It is used before the name of group of islands.
Ex - The Andamans, The West Indies, The Philipines etc.
5. It is used before the name of canals, aeroplanes, ships, trains.
Ex - The Suez canal, The Makalu, The Punjab Mail etc.
6. It is used before Nationality Expressing Words( नागरिकता / राष्ट्रीयता सूचक शब्दों ).
Ex - The Asians, The Chinese, The Indians etc.
7. It is used before the name of religious books.
Ex - The Gita, The Bible, The Quran etc.
8. It is used before the name of directions.
Ex - The east, The east, The downward etc.
9. It is used before the name of desert.
Ex - The Sahara desert, The Thar desert, The Gobi desert etc.
10. It is used before the name of religious community.
Ex - The Hindus, The Muslims, The Christians etc.
11. It is used before the name of physical position expressing words.
Ex - at the top of, on the top of, the inside etc.
12. It is used before the name of the unique things of the world.
Ex - The South Pole, The weather, The rain etc.
13. It is used before the name of Government branches or Armed forces.
Ex - The judiciary, The Legislature, The Navy etc.
14. It is used before the name of the Historical Empire, Caste, Place, Dynasty, Building, Event, Period/Age.
Ex - The Mughal Empire, The Eskimos, The Kaaba, The Slave dynasty, The Taj Mahal, The civil war, The Victorian age etc.
15. It is used before the name of political parties.
Ex - The Congress Party, The Janta Dal etc.
16. It is used before the name of musical instruments.
Ex - The Tabla, The Guitar, The Piano etc.
17. The + Some Adjectives is used as plural noun to denote the class of persons.
Ex - The rich, The poor, The lame etc.
18. It is used before the superlative degree.
Ex - The tallest man, The fastest train, The happiest man etc.
19. It is used before Ordinal Adjectives( first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth.... etc., next, last are called Ordinal Adjectives)
Ex - The first Prime Minister of India, The next bus, The last chapter of this book etc.
20. It is used before the name of inventions.
Ex - The T.V., The telephone, The cinema etc.
21. It is used before the comparative degree in the expression Comparative Degree + of the two + Plural countable noun.
Ex - Suman is the more handsome of the two boys.
She is the better of the two girls.
22. The + Comparative + S + V + (,) + The + Comparative + S + V + (.)
Ex - The more he gets, the more he wants.
The higher we go, the cooler we feel.
23. The is used before the first noun in the structure Noun + of + Noun.
Ex - The water of this well, The girls of this school, The people of Jharkhand etc.
24. It is used before the name of Newspapers.
Ex - The Times of India, The Observer, The Daily News etc.
25. It is used before the name of museums, libraries, hotels, restaurants, theaters, clubs, cinema halls.
Ex - The British Museum, The Maurya, The Rotary Club etc.
26. It is used before the name of some public places.
Ex - The zoo, The State Bank, The Tata Textiles etc.
27. It is used before the name of the parts of the body.
Ex - I caught him by the arm.
She was wounded in the leg.
28. It is used before the noun present in the clause or phrase.
Ex - The girl in the corner is my sister.
The house in which I live is new.
29. It is used before the title or post to denote somebody.
Ex - The Prime Minister, The Chief Minister, The Home Minister etc.
30. It is used before the common noun in the case Noun in apposition.
Ex - Tagore, the poet, was famous.
Zakir, the painter, is laborious.
31. It is used before the Plural Countable Noun and Singular Uncountable Noun used after some of, both of, all of, most of, many of, half of, A large number of, the majority of, either of, neither of, each of, none of, several of, various of etc.
Ex - All of the girls have gone there.
Half of the milk has been sold.
32. It is used before Singular Countable noun in the meaning of as(के हिसाब से / की दर से).
Ex - Diesel is sold by the litre.
Bananas are sold by the dozen.
33. It is used before the name of choirs, orchestra, pop. groups.
Ex - The Bach Choir, The Philadelphia Orchestra, The Beatles etc.
34. It is used before the name of some countries and states.
Ex - The U.K., The Yemen, The Sudan etc.
35. It is used before the date in the structure - Date + of + Month's name.
Ex - The fourteenth of November, The fifth of September etc.
36. It is used before the name of Magazine, commission, Institution.
Ex - The Modern Language Review, The High Court, The Ministry of Education etc.
No uses/ omission of Articles:
1. No article is used before the name of languages.
2. No article is used before Proper Nouns.
3. No article is used before the name of subjects.
4. No article is used before the singular noun used after each, every, either, neither.
5. No article is used before Uncountable Nouns.
6. No article is used before the name of sports.
7. No article is used before plural nouns.
8. No article is used when man, woman, humanity, mankind is used in wide range.
Ex - Man is mortal.
Woman is the ornament of the home.
9. No article is used before Nature, Science, Death, life, Parliament, Freedom, Love, Society etc.
10. No article is used before the nouns used after kind of, sort of, type of, variety of.
11. No article is used before the name of meal.
Ex - We have dinner at night.
Breakfast is ready.
12. No article is used in the expression of By + Means of Transport.
Ex - We are going to Delhi by train.
He goes to Mumbai by air.
13. No article is used before the nouns used after post of/ position of, rank of, title of, job of.
Ex - The post of Principal, The job of clerk, The title of Netaji etc.
14. No article is used before the name of seasons.
15. No article is used before the name of festivals or holidays.
16. No article is used before the name of diseases.
17. No article is used before the name of days or months.
18. No article is used before the name of universities.
19. No article is used before parts of day and night if they are used before at, by, after, around, before.
Ex - At dawn, At sunrise, By night etc.
20. No article is used in the parallel structures.
Ex - village after village, Side by side etc.
21. No article is used in the headlines, telegrams, notices, lists and outlines.
Ex - Five men died in accident.
School reopens on 5th August.
22. Generally no article is used before home, work, sea, town, office.
23. No article is used before the name of Airports and Railway Stations.
Ex - Charles de Gaulle, Charing cross, Patna Junction etc.
24. If there is possessive [ ('s)/ (') ] or possessive adjective before parts of body, then No article is used before it.
Ex - Raise your right hand.
The brick hit John's face.
Worked Out Examples:
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles if necessary:
1. He has come without ..... umbrella.
2. .... Ganga is .... sacred river.
3. Honest men always speak ..... truth.
4. She returned after .... hour.
5. You are .... fool to say that.
6. .... novel you gave me is out of .... print.
7. There is .... great deal of water in .... pond.
8. Do you play .... hockey?
9. .... Aeroplanes can fly very fast.
10. I love .... truth and .... wisdom.
11. .... rich should help .... helpless.
12. .... tiger is ..... fierce animal.
13. .... people of Mithila speak .... Maithili.
14. I have .... pen and .... inkpot.
15. .... Gold is .... precious metal.
[ Ans: an, (The,a), the, an, a, (the,x), (a,the), x, x, (x,x), (The,the), (The,a), (The,x), (a,an), (x,a). ]
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